##Tarot divination prediction ###balance of spirituality10 world's most...

##Tarot divination prediction ###balance of spirituality
10 world's most cruel psychological experiments

Psychology became popular in the early 20th century. Many very attracted to learn more about the intricacies of human behavior, emotional status and perception. But, unfortunately, the methods of achieving that goal were not always humane. Some psychiatrists and psychologists have conducted on animals and humans are cruel experiments. Here are some of such experiments.

1. Boy's upbringing as girls (1965-2004)
In 1965, the 8-month-old boy Bruce Reimer has been made the circumcision according to the advice of doctors. But the surgeon who conducted the operation, erred, and the boy is completely damaged the penis. The child's parents appealed with his problem to a psychologist John Mani from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore (United States). He advised them to "simple", in his view, a way out of the situation-to change the sex of the child and further educate him as a girl.

And it was done. Very soon Bruce became Brenda and unhappy parents aren't even aware that their child had been the victim of a very cruel experiment. Psychologist John Mani have long sought to prove that sexual identity is not human nature and upbringing, so Bruce became an appropriate target for this observation.

Bruce removed testicles, then Dr. Mani several years in scientific journals published reports about the successful development of their subject. He claimed that the child behaves like a small active girl and that her behavior is very different from male, inherent in her brother-twin. But homes and teachers at the school were watching a child boy's typical behavior.

In addition, parents who concealed from the son-daughter ugly truth, ourselves experienced very strong emotional stress, which resulted in the mother are having suicidal tendencies and his father began to drink heavily.

While Bruce-Brand already became a teenager, he started giving estrogen to activate breast growth. Soon Dr. Mani insist another operation, in which Brand had to form a women's genitals. But suddenly, Bruce-Brand revolted and flatly refused to do surgery. Then the boy stopped altogether coming on receptions to Mani.

Bruce's life was pokalečena. One by one he made three suicide attempts, the last of which ended in coma. But Bruce recovered and began to struggle to return to normal human life. He took monastic vows, started wearing male clothes and changed his name to David.

In 1997, he had to endure a series of operations to regain the physical signs of sex. He even married a woman and fathered her three children. But happy end and not yet due: after divorce from his wife in May 2004 onwards David Reimer committed suicide. At that time he was 38 years old.

2. "Source of frustration" (1960)
Dr. Harry Harlow conducted cruel experiments on monkeys. He explored the social isolation of the individual and methods of protection against it. Harlow chose the calf from the mother monkey and put it in a cage all alone. And he chose those kids, who with her mother was the most robust communications.

Monkey a year sitting in a cage, and then released her. Subsequently, it was discovered that the majority of individuals manifest various mental disabilities. The scholar concluded: even a happy childhood is not prevention of depression. However, such a simple conclusion can be reached and no cruel experiments. By the way, the animal rights movement started after the publicity of the results of this terrible research.

3. the experiment Milgrema (1974)
In the experiment, the experimenter took part experimental and actor who played the role of another subject. Before starting the experiment "a toss-up between the experimental and the actor were distributed as" teacher "and" the apprentice. " Actually podopytnomu has always been given to the role of "teacher", and actor, who was hired, was always "disciple".

Before starting the experiment, the "teacher" explained that the main objective of the
experience-discover new methods of remembering information, but actually the experimenter researched human behavior, receiving guidance from a reputable source that differ from his own understanding of the standards of conduct.

The experience took place: "the apprentice" was tied to the Chair with èlektrošokerom. "Student" and "teacher" received a common "demo" shock in 45 volts. Then the teacher walked into another room and from there was to give a "pupil" on voice communications simple tasks on memorization. For every your mistake "student" was getting an electric shock in 45 volts. Actually the actor only pretend that gets hits. Shortly after each error "teacher" was supposed to increase voltage

On the idea that at some point the actor began to demand to stop the experiment. At this time, the "teacher" was tormented by doubts, but the experimenter confidently said: "the experiment requires continued. Continue, please. " The voltage increases, the actor showed all the big meal. Then he howled and shouted at the Creek.

The experiment lasted until the voltage of 450 volts. If the teacher began to doubt the experimenter assured him that full responsibility for the results of experience and security for "disciple" he completely takes over.

The results were shocking: 65% of "teachers" had a discharge of the 450 volts, knowing that "the apprentice" is experiencing terrible pain. Most experimental obeyed the instructions of the experimenter and punished "disciple" to electric shocks. Interestingly, of the 40 experimental none stopped at 300 volts, only five refused to obey after this level and 26 "teachers" of 40 have reached the end of the scale.

Critics said that the test of "hypnotized" the authority of Yale University. In response, Dr Milgrem repeated experience renting premises in the town of icky Bridgeport (Conn.) under the guise of "Research Association of Bridgeport. The results have not changed: 48% of the subjects agreed to reach the end of the scale. In 2002, the overall results of all similar experiments showed that by the end of the scale reach 61-66% teachers that

The withdrawal was awful: there is a dark side to human nature, which tends to not just mindlessly obey authority and perform unspeakable directions, but also finds justification in the form of the received order. Many participants of the experiment by clicking on the button, "Apprentice" domination over and were sure that he gets what he deserves.

4. Acquired helplessness (1966)
Psychologists Mark Seligman and Steve Meyer in their practice have conducted a series of experiments on dogs. Animals provisionally divided into three groups and then placed in a cage. A control group was soon released without causing it any harm, a second group of dogs subjected to repeated shock current that can stop pressing the lever on the inside, and a third group of animals less fortunate all: they were subjected to sudden shock current to stop which would

In the end, the dogs had "acquired helplessness"-the reaction to unpleasant stimuli. The animals appeared conviction of helplessness before the outside world, and soon the hapless animal started to develop signs of clinical depression.
After a while the dogs from the third group released from cells and placed in open enclosures, from which you can easily escape.

Then the dogs again subjected to electric shocks, but none of them ran away. Animals just passively respond to pain, perceiving it as inevitable. From previous experience, the dog is firmly grasped, that escape is impossible for them, and therefore attempts to free themselves no longer made.

Based on the results of this experiment, the scientists hypothesized that human reaction to stress is like a dog: people also become helpless after several failures, going alternately. Here is the only cost such a predictable and banal conclusion cruel suffering
hapless animals?!

5. Baby Albert (1920)
Doctor of psychology, John Watson researching nature various phobias. The scientist decided to test the possibility of formation of reaction to fear a white rat at 9-5 orphan boy Albert, who was not afraid of rats and even loved to play with them.

Within two months, Albert showed manual white rat, cotton wool, Santa Claus mask with a beard, white rabbit, etc. two months later the boy seated on the mat and give play to the rat. Initially, the child generally did not feel any fear and calmly played. But then Watson behind the child started to hit an iron hammer on metal plate every time when a boy touched the rat. It became obvious that after the recurrence of Albert strikes began t

A few days later, Watson decided to check whether the child fear similar objects. In the end, it turned out that the boy was afraid of white rabbit, wool, masks and Santa Claus, although when displaying these items no scientist sounds are no longer published. Watson concluded that the postponement of the reactions of fear. Scientist speculated that most of the fears and anxieties of adults dislike actually are formed even in deep childhood. Alas, Watson failed to defend

6. Lendisa (1924)
Karin Landis of the University of Minnesota in 1924, began studying facial expressions of the person. The goal of his experiment was to spot common patterns of work groups of the facial muscles that are responsible for the expression of certain emotional States, namely find mimicry, which is typical for the fear, confusion and other similar emotions.

In the test, he determined his students. The scientist drew on the faces of its experimental line Cork soot to make them more expressive facial expression. Then Landis showed them something that could cause strong emotions: forced young people to smell ammonia, listen to jazz, watch pornographic films and shove your hands in buckets with frogs. At a time when on the faces of the students, their emotions appear photographed.

The last test that Landis has prepared for its students simply angered many academic psychologists. Landis ordered each podopytnomu cut off the head rat. All experiment participants initially flatly refused to do so, many even cried and screamed, but eventually most of them still agreed. Many participants of the experiment in life even flies are not offended and could not imagine how to execute such an order.

As a result, the animals have caused a lot of anguish, and their goal of the experiment is not reached: no patterns in terms of a person discover scientists never succeeded, but psychologists have received proof that people can easily submit to authority and to do even that, in ordinary life is never carried out.

7. A study of the influence of drugs on the body (1969)
One of the experiments was designed to help scientists understand the speed and degree of human addiction to various drugs. The experience started on rats and monkeys, because these animals are physiologically closest to man.

The experience took place so that the hapless animals accustomed themselves to inject yourself a certain dose drugs: cocaine, morphine, codeine, amphetamine etc. As only animals could "crack" independently, the experimenters started his observation.

Under the strong influence of drugs, animals are very have been maimed, and you do not feel pain. The monkey, who took cocaine, began to suffer from convulsions and hallucinations: the poor animals snatched myself phalanxes of fingers. Monkeys, "collisions" amphetamine choses from all wool. Animals that have been exposed for cocaine and morphine, within 2 weeks after you start taking the deadly drugs died.

8. The Stanford Prison Experiment (1971)
This experiment with a so-called "artificial prison" at first and not intended as something unethical or harmful to the psyche of participants, but the results of a study just wowed the public.

Psychologist Philip Zimbardo set himself the objective of study the behavior and social norms of people who hit the prison terms for them atypical, where they are forced to play the role of a prisoner and/or supervisor.

For this experiment in the basement of the Faculty of Psychology have created very realistic imitation of a prison, and students-volunteers (there were 24) was divided into "prisoners" and "guards". It was assumed that "prisoners" will be put in a situation in which will experience personal disorientation and degradation up to complete a "depersonalization, guards" have not received specific instructions for their roles.

Initially, students had no idea how they should play their role, but the second day of the experiment, all placed at their seats: uprising "prisoners" was brutally suppressed "guards". That is, the behaviour of both sides has changed dramatically. "Guards" was developed special system privileges, to separate the "prisoners" and sow mistrust among them to each other-to make them weaker, because alone they are not as strong

As a result, the control system is so tightened that "prisoners" did not leave alone even in the toilet. They began to appear emotional distress, depression, helplessness. When "prisoner" asked how their names, many of them called your number. And the question of how they intend to get out of jail, just put them into an impasse.

As it turned out, the "prisoners" so rebuilding followed in their roles, that began to feel like prisoners of this prison, and students who got the role of "guards", felt real sadistic emotions and intentions towards the people who until a few days ago they were good friends. Both sides seemed to have completely forgotten that all this is just an experiment.
This experience was scheduled for two weeks, but it stopped early for ethical reasons.

9. the project "Aversion" (1970)
This is not an experiment, but real events that took place in the SOUTH AFRICAN army from 1970-1989. There were carrying out secret military cleanup rows of different sexual orientation. At that time used cruel means: and èlektroškom treatment, and chemical castration.

The exact number of victims is still unknown, but army doctors were told that during the "cleansing" of around 1000 people age 16-24 years old have been subjected to prohibited experimentation on human nature.

On the instructions of the army command "destructed" Vengeance psychiatrists homosexuals: to shock therapy, forced to take hormonal medications and even doing a sex change operation.

10. "a horrible experiment" (1939)
Wendell Johnson from the University of Iowa (United States) for its soloist Mary Tudor in 1939, held shocking experiment involving 22 orphans from Devenporta.
Children were divided into two groups: experimental and control. One half Guinea identify that their speech is flawless, but others strongly vysmeivalas′, they were that they-zaika.

As a result, many children in the second group, which until then had no problems with speech, stuttering, developed and preserved for a lifetime. This experiment, which was later named the monstrous, very long concealed from the public for fear of damaging the reputation of Johnson. But similar experiments have been conducted yet on prisoners in concentration camps in Nazi Germany.

In 2001, the University of Iowa officially asked forgiveness from all the victims from the experiment. But whether from this much easier?!